The Fame/The Fame Monster by Lady Gaga free essay sample

I have to say Lady Gaga is quite a character. Ive been up like the past few weeks studying her style of music, her lyrics, and her videos. And I think she is simply AMAZING. Shes so tongue and cheek. Im really impressed with her vocal range. In all honestly, the genre she works in, which is sort of an electronic pop, is really quite the most annoying and my least favorite genre. The ability to so easily manipulate the sound and the artist’s voice is a bit scary. Who knows what you’re really listening to? A prime example of pop being the demise of good music is Ke$ha, an artist who is so drunk on electronic techniques and auto-tune, you can’t tell what you’re listening to. Her singles â€Å"TiK ToK† and â€Å"Blah Blah Blah† completely alter her voice, and yet her record producer spotted her and signed her because her voice sounded like a â€Å"guttural orgasm†. One can’t be sure if this is true, seeing as her backup vocals on Flo Rida’s â€Å"Right Round† are also auto-tuned. But what’s interesting about Lady gaga is that she has so much to say. She has her personal message to fans and she has her subtext within her music. One could easily make a song up about strip poker and get it on the Billboard’s top 100, but to get it to number one and have it mean something is really good. What’s it all mean? Well, I’m sure you’ve heard it before. In â€Å"Poker Face†, she’s talking about her hiding her sexuality. Whoda thunk that? The psychological fears and anxieties of being able to tell your lover you’re also attracted to the other gender are complex and simply juicy. And what about â€Å"Paparazzi†? That song is one of my favorites, as one can draw extremely close comparisons to the musical Chicago. The song can have so many different interpretations. 1. A sta lker follows a star and â€Å"follow you until you love me†. 2. What do you want more: love or fame? 3. You can do anything when you’re famous and people will still keep fleeing to give you power. There are others, but this song has so much depth. I admit that they aren’t the best lyrics of all time, but because it does have several layers beyond its superficial beat and catchy tune, this single marked her place as someone who has style and most importantly substance. â€Å"Bad Romance† is another favorite of mine, as it goes into the psyche of someone who is in love with a bad boy, someone who fears what may happen if she loses him â€Å"I want your love and all your love is revenge, you and me could have a bad romance†. The song continues with Hitchcock-ian references: â€Å"I want your Psycho, your Vertigo shtick/ When you’re in my Rear Window, baby you’re sick†. This line shows that the singer loves her lover unconditional ly. Every flaw, every inadequacy, she accepts regardless. Another great song of hers is â€Å"Paper Gangsta†, a song about what it’s like trying to write songs and not sell yourself out. And Gaga has managed to do exactly that, while maintaining her â€Å"Fame†. I think one of the most important aspects of her career is that she’s matured into a great songwriter so quickly. She went from â€Å"party-hardy† in â€Å"Just Dance† in the beginning of The Fame to more mature songs such as â€Å"Paper Gangsta†. And from there, she jumped the ball and floored us with her next album/EP The Fame Monster. Containing some of her best work yet (sure, there are only 8 songs, but still great nonetheless), The Fame Monster is simply a mini-contemporary masterpiece to behold. With â€Å"Bad Romance†, she’s also got my favorite song by her of all time, â€Å"Speechless†. The ballad tearfully, powerfully is about her father and it oozes emotion in every chord. It sounds great live and may be her best work she will ever do. It’s all organic, so those annoying haters who hate pop can go and listen to this and see her as both a great pianist and great composer. I won’t even begin to talk about her music videos. There’s just too much to love. From her more fun early videos to her emotionally created videos like â€Å"Paparazzi, â€Å"Bad Romance†, and the recent â€Å"Telephone†, she is just simply the artist of our day. She can be fun too! Not all of her songs need that deep analysis I give them. â€Å"Teeth† and â€Å"Telephone† are great for simply listening to or dancing to. â€Å"Teeth† is like Adam Lambert’s â€Å"For Your Entertainment†. The thing is, Gaga’s is more fun, catchier, better composed, and†¦just better. Significantly so, as it doesn’t sound so filthy and unclean. â€Å"Telephone† pairs up Gaga wit h Beyonce for an upbeat song about†¦clubbing and ignoring your cell phone. What could be better? Her ability to transition from genre to genre is also a veritable talent. From grungy rock like â€Å"Boys Boys Boys† to a more Lady-Gaga-sings-the-blues composition like the Canadian track â€Å"Again Again† and to a weepier ballad like â€Å"Speechless†, her style has great range. As does her voice. One is hard put to find such an enormous pop star with such an enormous voice. Her flowing tonal qualities last throughout her songs. AND SHE ALWAYS SINGS LIVE! Watch her live performances on YouTube and you can TELL she sings live. Did I hear avante garde? Yes, you did. The word of the conceptual artist has welcomed her into their family. Her fashion, some may say, is completely ridiculous. And, in a way, it is. But is it really fashion? Well, not really. Her most bombastic pieces are pieces of art she chooses to wear. Her bizarre Muppet coat, her red lace outfit , and it goes on and on and on. The great thing is, is that her wearable art has what we may call as an Artist Statement. It can be interpreted, it has a meaning. It’s not just something outrageous to wear at the Grammys. There’s always more to it. Her skeleton suit she wore to the American Music Awards was a statement on anorexia in fashion. Her Muppet coat was a statement about wearing fur. Her fire bra was about the woman’s body as a sexual weapon. This isn’t just some crazy drug addicted pop star; this is a woman with a brain. She’s articulate, smart, and very pretty. Her fan base is huge. Her â€Å"little monsters† as she lovingly calls them absolutely adore her. And for good reason. She gives then an outlet where they can be comfortable with themselves. Being the freak for most of her high school life, she’s able to emulate that emption in her music and give her little monsters a place of acceptance at her concerts. While I thin k it’s a stretch to call her fans her best friends, I am quite happy at how modest and kind she seems to be. Hopefully, it’s not a horrid facade like most stars. I simply love Lady Gaga now; she’s such a weird and amazing character. Hopefully, she won’t be a flash in the pan.

All About High School English Essay Samples

All About High School English Essay Samples What You Don't Know About High School English Essay Samples Your paragraphs do not connect one another's meaning along with the full thought of your essay may be incomprehensible. Undoubtedly, persuasive essay is just one of the most popular kind of academic essays that modern time's students are extremely often assigned to. Possessing a well written introduction is crucial to a thriving essay. A great deal of students have a tendency to believe that an academic essay just as with any other college essay examples is something which is too technical or definedhowever you always have the option to write one based on the way you perceive a particular subject of discussion or the way you interpret an instance or some other subjects. This free internet application is intended to help students in grades 5-12 write an internet persuasive essay. The very first step in the procedure for writing an excellent essay doesn't involve much actual writing. Discover how to make a rubric from scratch by applying this detailed guide along with view samples of informal and formal essay rubrics. To distinguish between the sorts of essays is only a matter of identifying the author's objective. Thanks to the correct selection of presentation style and a thorough understanding of the goals you wish to accomplish in your essay, there are many categories essay themes may be broken into. In this kind of situation, it's more convenient to locate ready-made essays and use them as an example. All essays will have a particular topic that's either one you choose or one which is provided for you. The aim of an essay is to aid you to discover more about a topic and in the process develop quite a few important skills. When you are requested to compose an essay try to locate some samples models of similar writing and learn how to observe the craft of the writer. The essay may be one of the most daunting aspects of a university application. Like every assignment, a descriptive essay has a certain function. You may even go for an available writer to communication panel, which offers an immediate communication between the author and the customer. First it gets your reader interested in this issue and encourages them to read what you've got to say about doing it. Consider what your readers want to understand about the subject and become a specialist through research. The not-so-positive facet of on-line education is it may have a lengthy time to find feedback. At exactly the same time, nobody will possibly argue with the simple fact that education is vitally important in modern western society. When you opt to study online, you will probably receive access to video materialsas it's the sole way you'll be able to watch and listen to your instructor. One of the chief purposes of school examinations is to enhance the quality of education. The web has made our life a good deal simpler. Most people receive their very first love in high school. You have to spend a certain quantity of time sitting in the library or surfing the internet so as to discover some helpful data for your academic paper. Television is developing a new variant of culture The senior classes ought to be profiled Education for boys and girls ought to be separate Many folks think the perfect way to travel is by car Activity is the sole method to knowledge The value of education is underestimated now. High school is a crucial time in the life span of young men and women. It is preferable to grow up in a family with plenty of brothers and sisters. I truly enjoyed meeting them it was a really very good feeling they were planning to select the baby. You must find the right set up for your house and get it installed. There are various on-line schools specializing in teaching certain disciplines. There's no ideal solution on the best way to compose an effective essay. You might be able to Ease yourself in the essay-writing procedure. Pressure to be successful in examinations might also be detrimental to the students.

Feminism Topic Research Paper

Feminism Topic Research PaperThis Feminism topic research paper is actually one of the easiest and best to start with because it's so similar to the topics you have already tackled. It's actually a way to see how you can make good progress on the many subjects you currently have knowledge about.Feminism topic research paper can be completed in various ways, you could do it online, or you could actually talk to students in a class or lecture hall. No matter which approach you take, it is important that you study through the sources of information available to you. There are several different types of feminism, and they all have some aspects in common.Feminism is one of the most general subjects that we have. It applies to many different groups within society. If you are an academic, you may have researched your career as a teacher, or you might have just looked at the institution you are working for and you realise that they are feminist in nature. You can either make a decision on wh ich type of feminism you belong to, or you can research other types of feminism.Feminism and science have their roots in the same place and also share many similarities. Women are much more likely to accept a woman's place in society if she follows a life of science. There is a lot of energy, work, and pressure in a scientific environment, and there are many women who have been able to overcome these difficulties, and are now going into the world of science. There is a large proportion of women involved in fields of interest that give them a great deal of personal satisfaction.Feminism can have many different types, but they all share a common goal. For many feminists, it is simply about equality for the sexes. For others, it is about changing the rules, making life more fair and equal, and changing how society looks at how people are supposed to behave. Others can join in to bring about change through dialogue and political action.Today, modern feminism is a topic that is likely to be discussed in some of the classrooms, and it can seem as though the debate is pretty heated, and some people aren't sure about what they want to say. When you look at some of the issues, it can seem quite depressing. However, this doesn't mean that it isn't a very interesting subject, and that you should ignore it.The modern feminism subject research paper will help you know how you can get into your own unique angle on modern feminism. You can use it to think about the implications of issues in your life, or you can use it to look at the many facets of modern feminism.

Topics For Health Care Leadership Research Paper

Topics For Health Care Leadership Research PaperHealth care research is an essential part of medical research that most people are not aware of. Most people have to choose topics for health care leadership research paper based on personal preferences. This should not be the case as health care research is important for both the medical and dental field.Aside from choosing topics for health care research, a researcher has to consider the medical career they want to pursue. What type of doctor they would like to become? What area of the medical field would they like to specialize in?The most important thing is to research their career because they are going to need their doctor to get the job done. The need for a doctor is not going to go away any time soon. In order to research the types of career choices a person can make, the research would need to include looking at the income range.A research paper is extremely important if a person is going to become a doctor. It is the research that will determine if a person is going to have enough money for living expenses. It is important that people think about their goals when planning a paper.An important aspect to an important research paper is that it must tell a story. A good topic for a research paper will allow people to see how well a subject was researched and how it applies to their specific job. As you can see, a lot of information is needed for a research paper, but the more research you put into the topic, the better the paper will be.By researching the various ideas and themes that relate to different topics, it allows a person to read through different ideas. Some people will do this very quickly, but others will want to take time. Allowing people to have a great time doing research allows them to come up with some really cool ideas. If done correctly, it will allow a person to have a great experience and to be able to tell their story.When a person has to research topics for a research paper, it can be helpful to use some of the research papers that were written about by experts. These could be used to write a research paper and they could really help to get people thinking about what they have to do to find the best topics.

How to Write a Sample Essay About Christmas Vacation

How to Write a Sample Essay About Christmas VacationWriting a sample essay about Christmas vacation is not as difficult as it may seem. You can do this with the help of an Internet search tool or research the topic of your writing. If you already have an idea on what you want to write, or you already have a first draft, you need to go back and revise it with a little extra time. Here are some tips for making your holiday essay interesting and creative.It is important that you have a vacation theme in mind to get started. Choose a vacation destination that appeals to you the most, so that you are more likely to come up with a unique and memorable holiday story that you can share with others.When creating your holiday essay, keep in mind that Christmas is not really about your holidays. You can use the holiday to tell a personal story or recount a great adventure that you had during your vacations. This can be especially useful if you are trying to write a holiday essay about your trip to Disney. Just make sure that you are not sharing too much of your personal life during your holiday experience.Another thing that you should avoid while writing your holiday essay is giving too much importance to the holidays itself. Try to take a step back and consider why you would want to go on holiday. What do you hope to get out of it? In this way, you will have a better understanding of why you are so excited to celebrate the holidays.The right way to write a holiday essay is one that makes your vacation easy and simple to relate to. Write about things that remind you of your vacation and the activities that you loved most. Don't be too cliche or as if you were telling your story. The holiday is not just about your holiday vacation, so try to find other ways to give significance to your holiday.A good idea to prepare for a holiday essay is to plan ahead and set a budget that you can stick to. Write down how much money you are willing to spend for your vacation, so that you will have a clear picture of the amount of money that you will need to spend. Try to make an outline of the vacation so that you know where you are heading and when.Writing a holiday essay is not as difficult as it may seem. All you need to do is write an idea or a couple of ideas and get them out of your head so that you can look at them as though they are written by another person.

The Setting Of Dracula Essay Example For Students

The Setting Of Dracula Essay OverviewDracula has appealed to readers for almost a century, at least in part because it deals with one of the great human conflicts: the struggle between good and evil. Stoker acknowledges the complexity of this conflict by showing good characters attracted to evil. For example, Jonathan Harker, the lawyer who journeys to Transylvania, is almost attacked at Draculas castle by three young female vampires. In fact, he seems to be actually welcoming the attack before it is interrupted by the count. In this scene, as well as others, Stoker suggests that evil, represented by the vampires, is an almost irresistible force which requires great spiritual strength to overcome. It eventually takes the combined forces of a band of men, representing different countries, to defeat the vampiric count. Stokers novel is a symbolic exploration of a conflict which has long troubled humankind. We will write a custom essay on The Setting Of Dracula specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now Dracula also has considerable cultural importance. Stoker was not the first writer to make use of the vampire legend. Throughout the 19th century vampires appeared in a number of works, including Sheridan LeFanus Carmilla (1872), which Stoker read as a young man. But it is Stokers version of the vampire legend that has had the most enduring popular appeal and the greatest influence on modern writers and filmmakers. In his book Vampires Unearthed, Martin Riccardo tells the story of a survey taken by Madame Tussauds Wax Museum to determine the worlds most hated person. Dracula ranked fifth. Clearly, Stokers creation continues to capture readers imaginations. SETTING Stoker uses a circular structure for his novel, incorporating two settings. Transylvania is the setting for the beginning and end of the novel, and, since he had never been there, Stoker had to rely on research for his description of the country and its people. The rest of the novel takes place in England, a setting familiar to Stoker and his audience. The novel begins with Jonathan Harkers journey to Transylvania on May 3 of an unspecified year. Harker later states that seven years elapse between the events themselves and his compilation of them, so we may assume that the action of the novel takes place from May to November in 1890. Harkers initial enjoyment of a country filled with wonderful new sights, people, and food contrasts sharply with his apprehension as he approaches the counts castle and his terror when he finally realizes he is Draculas prisoner. This section, the first four chapters of the novel, has been highly praised for its accurate descriptions of the region and its use of those descriptions to create suspense and terror. In the novels final chapter, which begins on November 1, All Saints Day, the setting is again Count Draculas Transylvania. Most of the novels events, however, take place in England, primarily in the northeastern coastal city of Whitby, itself a reminder of Englands island isolation and its vulnerability to attack. Whitbys history also contributes to its effectiveness as a setting. It is the site of a 7th-century abbey, traces of which still remain, at which the Synod of Whitby, an important church meeting, was held in 664. The presence of abbey ruins is a typical element of the popular Gothic novels of the 18th and 19th centuries. Moreover, Whitbys role in the history of English Christianity relates the setting to the thematic conflict of good and evil. THEMES AND CHARACTERS Stoker explores the conflict of good and evil throughout the novel and does not allow good to triumph until the last few pages. In the meantime, all of the characters are drawn into the conflict and divided into two camps: the good forces led by Dr. Abraham Van Helsing and the evil forces by Count Dracula. .u3bf203f4a2b2b2360d2529a5e354da8c , .u3bf203f4a2b2b2360d2529a5e354da8c .postImageUrl , .u3bf203f4a2b2b2360d2529a5e354da8c .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u3bf203f4a2b2b2360d2529a5e354da8c , .u3bf203f4a2b2b2360d2529a5e354da8c:hover , .u3bf203f4a2b2b2360d2529a5e354da8c:visited , .u3bf203f4a2b2b2360d2529a5e354da8c:active { border:0!important; } .u3bf203f4a2b2b2360d2529a5e354da8c .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u3bf203f4a2b2b2360d2529a5e354da8c { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u3bf203f4a2b2b2360d2529a5e354da8c:active , .u3bf203f4a2b2b2360d2529a5e354da8c:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u3bf203f4a2b2b2360d2529a5e354da8c .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u3bf203f4a2b2b2360d2529a5e354da8c .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u3bf203f4a2b2b2360d2529a5e354da8c .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u3bf203f4a2b2b2360d2529a5e354da8c .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u3bf203f4a2b2b2360d2529a5e354da8c:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u3bf203f4a2b2b2360d2529a5e354da8c .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u3bf203f4a2b2b2360d2529a5e354da8c .u3bf203f4a2b2b2360d2529a5e354da8c-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u3bf203f4a2b2b2360d2529a5e354da8c:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Men and women Persuasive EssayThe first and larger group, the good characters, forms around Van Helsing, a doctor of medicine, philosophy, literature, and more. He arrives from Amsterdam at the request of his former student Dr. John Seward to help with the diagnosis and treatment of Lucy Westenra. Van Helsing is older and more educated than the rest of the group, and he becomes a father figure and leader. Unlike the others, he is familiar with the folk stories about vampires and the ways to combat them. He is assisted by a band of young men, most of whom have some relationship to Lucy. Dr. John Seward, an unsuccessful suitor for Lucys hand, is the director of an insane asylum. Another unsuccessful suitor is Quincey Morris, a Texan whose major characteristic is his physical courage. The final suitorLucy receives the three proposals in a single dayis Arthur Holmwood, whom she accepts. Arthurs father dies during Lucys illness, and Arthur inherits his title and becomes Lord Godalming. These three young men have shared adventures in the past and are drawn closer together because of their love for Lucy. The last member of the group is Jonathan Harker, the lawyer whose journal of his trip to Draculas castle forms the first part of the novel. After his recovery, he marries Lucys friend Mina. Harkers earlier experiences with Dracula make him particularly helpful to the group. The groups two young women are introduced by means of their letters, which follow Harkers journal. Although they are associated with Van Helsing and his band, both are pulled over to Draculas side. Lucy is extremely beautiful but has little strength of character; after Dracula transforms her into a vampire, her sweetness changes into seductiveness. Her friend Mina, more firmly under male protection because of her marriage to Jonathan, manages to survive Draculas attack and serves as the groups secretary and inspiration. Her exchange of blood with Dracula actually has positive consequences because it provides the band with information about Draculas actions and whereabouts. Draculas death frees her completely from his influence. The characters on the side of evil are all related to Dracula. As the novel begins, he has been a vampire for many centuries and has great strength and power. He accomplishes his evil purposes mainly through weak links: women, an insane man, and an unsuspecting, unprotected foreigner. His children, the vampires he has created, are all women, including the lovely female vampires who live with him at his castle. They are presented as unnatural women. They prey on children and behave aggressively and seductively toward men. Lucy acts in this manner after she becomes a vampire. Draculas major accomplice is Renfield, a patient at Sewards asylum. Renfield is obsessed with the idea of the food chain, feeding flies to spiders and spiders to birds, and so is an appropriate admirer of Dracula, who in feeding on humans belongs at the top of the food chain. While Renfield at first welcomes Dracula, becoming increasingly more excited the closer Dracula gets to the asylum, he later recovers his sanity and is fatally injured in attempting to stop the count. The evil characters are not only defeated but also redeemed by the good characters, illustrating Stokers theme that good is ultimately more powerful than evil. Dracula seems at first invincible, but his weaknesses become apparent throughout the novel. He can be stopped by consecrated wafers (literally, in the Roman Catholic Church, the body of Christ) and by other religious symbols, such as the crucifix. In the end he is destroyed by knives. Moreover, characters with sufficient spiritual strength can survive his attacks, suggesting Stokers view of an individuals control over his soul as well as his life.

John Stuart Mills liberty principle Essays

John Stuart Mills liberty principle Essays John Stuart Mills liberty principle Paper John Stuart Mills liberty principle Paper Essay Topic: Law On Liberty In order to critically examine this particular principle and its influence, it is necessary to look at the background of the principle so that it can be studied in context. John Stuart Mill developed the liberty principle in his work On Liberty (1). Mills definition of liberty is pursuing our own good in our own way and he believed it to be one of the most important elements of well-being. Mills conviction was that it was better that a man choose to live his life the wrong way than be made to live the right way. Mill was influenced by Alexis de Tocqueville, whose work, Democracy in America (2) opened Mills eyes to how democracy exposed liberty to new dangers. The driving force of democracy is the will of the majority and Mill was concerned that this left every aspect of life exposed to social scrutiny and regulation, and he feared the tyranny of the majority (3). He felt that democracy, if left unrestrained, could pose a threat to the minority and individual autonomy. The two great values of democracy; majority rule and minority liberty are often incompatible and Mill was one of the first to investigate this unresolved area in his essay On Liberty. On Liberty concerned the nature and limits of power which can be legitimately exercised by society over the individual (4), he sought to distinguish the destructive oppression of minority views from the legitimate exercise of democratic power. Mills motivation was to seek an additional principle that would not leave matters to custom or popular morality. A principle that could define the areas in which it would be legitimate for society (or the will of the majority) to exercise authority, from those areas where people should have freedom (5). Mill hoped that On Liberty would offer potential guidelines for legislation and encourage a more tolerant culture. There are two main principles in the essay, the first being the liberty principle (or harm principle) outlined in the question. The principle advocates that the interference of liberty is only warranted where it is necessary in order to prevent harm to others. Mill qualifies the principle by saying it is only applicable to human beings in the maturity of their faculties, therefore excluding children or those who require care from others (6), and mentions that omissions to act having consequential harm may also be an exception. In On Liberty Mill raised his own concerns about the principles adequacy before offering his second principle. The reason for questioning his own ideal is to open the area up for discussion, to attain the readers understanding of the problem and engage her critical attention. He is not seeking to assert the infallible truth of this doctrine. The liberty principle is blunt in delivering its message but Mill feels the two objections he raised attacking its plausibility will not affect the second principle. His first objection was how can any action be purely self-regarding? Mill recognises the assumption that most, if not all of our actions will affect the interests of another. Mill accepted there is a right of society to ward off crimes by antecedent precautions, which runs contrary to liberty principle. He gave the example of drunkenness being justifiably prohibited where the person has a history of harming others when drunk (7), believing that the danger of harm would outweigh the individuals right to drink alcohol. The second objection to his principle was that society may have an obligation to intervene to prevent a person from self harm. Mill believed that government interference with the individual for paternalist reasons was indefensible, believing it can never be in the interests of the individual to suppress the exercise and development of her own abilities of critical choice, but realised that others may raise this objection. Mills second principle states that a person need only be subject to the will of the majority to prevent the violation of a distinct and assignable obligation to any other person or persons. A distinct and assignable obligation is a distinct expectation which another is obligated to honour. Not actions are caught under obligation and not all obligations are distinct and assignable, the types of harm Mill suggested warrant protection are those that violate our rights. Mills second principle is essentially a qualification of the first principle and a criterion to define actions that should be regulated and those which should not. What were Mills influences and how did his ideas develop? John Stuart Mill was the son of James Mill who was a disciple of John Bentham (8) and a believer of the mind being a tabula rasa (9) on which every experience is recorded. James Mill began his sons education at home with this new psychology in mind, and the experimental education consequentially led to his sons breakdown at the age of 21. During this period Mill developed his own take on the positivist (10) utilitarianism that had been drummed into him during his education. The principle of utility was a driving force behind Mills education. The utility principle is to promote the greatest happiness for the greatest number. Benthams chief interest was of its application to law reform and the prison service, James Mill applied it to politics and John Stuart Mill then actively reconstructed the principle to argue that the government should actively promote the general good. Mill derived the liberty principle from utilitarianism, and propounded the importance of the individuals self-determination and personal development. Bentham formulated the principle of utility in Introduction to the Principles of Morals and Legislation (11). Despite viewing law and morality as separate issues he postulated that actions are to be judged morally right or wrong in accordance with whether they maximise pleasure or minimise the pain caused to those affected. Its performance must be more productive of pleasure or happiness, or more preventive of pain or unhappiness, than any possible alternative (12). Mill was an ardent supporter of Benthams utility principle but differed in that his approach was qualitative and not quantitative, because he was more concerned with the value of an outcome rather than the size of its effect. Mill did not think all pleasures were of equal value. Mills suspicion of collective mediocrity led him to suggest safeguards to ensure that the government and legislature did not become the organ of the tendencies and instincts of the masses. He advocated an enlightened and educated populace and plural voting for the educated (13). One of Mills significant influences was his partner and wife Harriet Taylor his partnership with her prompted him to advocate equal rights between men and women. (14). On Liberty had an affect in the debate that occurred between Patrick Devlin and HLA Hart. Professor HLA Hart supported Mills Liberty principle and used Mills thought in his argument with Lord Patrick Devlin. The debate began with the Wolfendon Report 1957 on homosexual offences prostitution. The report reverberates Mill where it says there must be a realm of private morality and immorality which is, in brief and crude terms, not the laws business (15) but also that the function of criminal law is to preserve public order and decency, to protect the citizen from what is offensive and injurious (16). Devlin rejected this idea and in The Enforcement of Morality (17) argued that an established morality is as necessary as good government to the welfare of society. He said that society should be allowed to prohibit anything which the right-minded or reasonable man regards as grossly immoral and that it was not necessary to prove something caused harm in order to do this. (18). He argued that society will disintegrate from within where there is no common morality, even more than it would crumble from external pressures, therefore society would be justified in taking steps to preserve the common morality in the same way as it does to protect its government. He asserted that legal enforcement of morals need only be used in certain cases since a citizen cannot surrender his whole life to societys scrutiny (19). Harts counter argument was in Law, Liberty Morality (20) where he stated that there was no evidenced to show that deviation from accepted sexual morality. is something which, like treason threatens the existence of society. Hart denied that the weakening of common morality will lead to societys downfall but does suggest that society may need certain basic rules to survive (21). He urged Devlin to consider the dangers of populism, and that the risk in democracy that the majority dictate how we live, should not be maximised. Hart postulated that restraint of immorality was not best achieved by a fear of legal sanction and warned that the enforcement of a moral code contradicts the spirit of moral value. Mills liberty principle has been followed in many subsequent works including that of Immanuel Kant (22) who arrives at a similar conclusion, and Jeffrie G Murphy in Another look at Legal Moralism (23) who argues that areas of private immorality (by consenting adults) should not be criminalised because there are no victims. James Fitzjames Stephen (24) criticised the liberty principle in the two areas Mill criticised the principle himself. Fitzjames Stephen believed that there are no self-regarding actions; every persons action affects another. He also argued the paternalist point, that society has right to interfere to protect the individual. I dont believe Mill intended the principle to be viewed as an infallible model and indeed took stock of these criticisms himself when writing On Liberty. Fitzjames Stephen also thought that the majority of men were weak and ill educated therefore sanctions were necessary in order to uphold morality. He berated the liberty principle as too crude in not taking into account the complexities of human relationships. It has been said that Mill has been misinterpreted and the ambiguity of some of the words used in On Liberty exasperate the problem. Mill did not define the word harm which could have the effect of two extremely different interpretations. What is to count as harming others? John Gray believes that harm is meant to mean injury to interests, and feels that the vital human interests that Mill had in mind were security and autonomy. The word interests is also undefined, where Mill says the individual is to be accountable only for those actions which are prejudicial in the interests of others, the exact scope of this statement has been the subject of much debate. John Reess interpretation of the liberty principle was that the interests of others must be affected injuriously in order for society to intervene. The liberty principle is often viewed as being vague and undefined (25). Critics have accused Mill of having an anti-democratic fear of popular government, in particular the potential for working-class opinion to be oppressive and perhaps violent, but it appears Mill was more concerned with middle-class conformity. The fear took root after reading Alexis de Tocqueville Democracy in America (2) America was a middle-class society, and Mill feared that it was also a society that did not care for individual liberty. Some critics like Isaiah Berlin (26) and Gertrude Himmelfarb have stated that due to Mills strict and unorthodox upbringing, and the imposition of classical utilitarianism upon him, he was unable to unshackle these chains of influence, which meant he remained inconsistent and with no coherent doctrine amongst his works. Himmelfarbs view was that there is no logical connection between the philosophy of utilitarianism and the liberty principle because the principle of utility justifies the sacrifice of an individuals liberty in order to maximise potential happiness for the greater good of society. Berlin put forward the same criticism of Mills mind being divided as individual liberty has only instrumental value in utility and cannot have priority over general welfare whereas in On Liberty, Mill states that individual freedom has intrinsic value regardless of its contribution to the general welfare. However Mill never felt torn between the competing principles in his own mind, but there are many examples of where the two may collide. An example being the prevention of heroin addiction; utilitarianism appears to encourage this kind of interference that the principle of liberty seeks to extinguish. Others have also felt that the two ideas do not equate with each other (27). Today with the development of modern technology and forensic science we are subject to all kinds of interference with our freedom in terms of the confidential information stored and analysed without the individuals consent. New types of surveillance and control are made possible by combining databases and by new technological advances. This information creates ever new sources of power and ever new possibilities of control in the post modern age (28). Balkin questions if this is a new form of totalitarianism, a prison constructed from access to information. Mill believed individualism should be regarded as having intrinsic worth, and is essential to happiness, and our right to privacy is part of our individualism and autonomy. Now our computer usage can be monitored, mobile phone records tapped into, our DNA can be taken and analysed without our consent (29), CCTV cameras monitor us (30), intimate details of multiple aspects of our lives are all stored and used to some degree and currently a database is being set up to store details of children and their families (31). The introduction of ID cards (32) will mean further intrusion and its functions will no doubt multiply ultimately changing the relationship between the individual and the state. Mill believed it was imperative that human beings should be free to form opinions and to express their opinions without reserve, but laws surrounding our right to protest have impinged on our freedom of speech and right to protest (33). The Terrorism Act in its ambiguity poses possibilities for abuse and can be used to quash ordinary political activity (34). The introduction of the Anti-Social Behaviour Order has led to much concern about its abuse by the state and its impingement on our liberties (35). ASBOs can be used as a tool for the government to appear as though they are being tough on crime whereas what they are actually doing is diminishing our rights and freedoms. The strange thing is that the majority of people seem unconcerned about this intrusion and have accepted it as part of the life we now live. People look at it as necessary for the prevention of crime; to prevent terrorism (the Terrorism Act), to prevent fraud (ID cards), to prevent anti-social behaviour (Asbos), and to prevent offence (Public Protest). Mill saw autonomy as a vital human interest, an essential part of the permanent interests of man as a progressive being. The Enlightenment sought to eradicate unthinking tradition and religious bigotry (28) and to understand and analyse society in terms of science and reason, and now because of technological advancements, we have arrived at a whole new set of restraints on our freedom.